Preparation of 6-aminocaproic acid from 5-formyl valeric acid

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a method for preparing 6-aminocaproic acid (hereinafter also referred to as ‘6-ACA’) using a biocatalyst. The invention further relates to a method for preparing ε-caprolactam (hereafter referred to as ‘caprolactam’) by cyclising such 6-ACA. The invention further relates to a host cell, a micro-organism, or a polynucleotide which may be used in the preparation of 6-ACA or caprolactam.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/664,526, filed Oct. 25, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/105,845, filed Aug. 20, 2018, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/599,314, filed May 18, 2017, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/105,705, filed Dec. 13, 2013, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 9,663,805, issued May 30, 2017, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/921,733, filed Dec. 21, 2010, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 8,673,599, issued Mar. 18, 2014, which is a U.S. National Stage Application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/NL2009/050117, filed Mar. 11, 2009, which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. 08152584.2, filed Mar. 11, 2008, the entire contents of which are each incorporated herein by reference.

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Apr. 8, 2021, is named 12956-530-999_Sequence_Listing and is 249,868 bytes in size.

The invention relates to a method for preparing 6-aminocaproic acid (hereinafter also referred to as ‘6-ACA’). The invention further relates to a method for preparing ε-caprolactam (hereafter referred to as taprolactam) from 6-ACA. The invention further relates to a host cell which may be used in the preparation of 6-ACA or caprolactam.

Caprolactam is a lactam which may be used for the production of polyamide, for instance nylon-6 or nylon-6,12 (a copolymer of caprolactam and laurolactam). Various manners of preparing caprolactam from bulk chemicals are known in the art and include the preparation of caprolactam from cyclohexanone, toluene, phenol, cyclohexanol, benzene or cyclohexane. These intermediate compounds are generally obtained from mineral oil. In view of a growing desire to prepare materials using more sustainable technology it would be desirable to provide a method wherein caprolactam is prepared from an intermediate compound that can be obtained from a biologically renewable source or at least from an intermediate compound that is converted into caprolactam using a biochemical method. Further, it would be desirable to provide a method that requires less energy than conventional chemical processes making use of bulk chemicals from petrochemical origin.

It is known to prepare caprolactam from 6-ACA, e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,572. As disclosed in WO 2005/068643, 6-ACA may be prepared biochemically by converting 6-aminohex-2-enoic acid (6-AHEA) in the presence of an enzyme having α,β-enoate reductase activity. The 6-AHEA may be prepared from lysine, e.g. biochemically or by pure chemical synthesis. Although the preparation of 6-ACA via the reduction of 6-AHEA is feasible by the methods disclosed in WO 2005/068643, the inventors have found that—under the reduction reaction conditions—6-AHEA may spontaneously and substantially irreversibly cyclise to form an undesired side-product, notably β-homoproline. This cyclisation may be a bottleneck in the production of 6-ACA, and may lead to a considerable loss in yield.

It is an object of the invention to provide a novel method for preparing 6-ACA or caprolactam—which may, inter alia, be used for the preparation of polyamide—or an intermediate compound for the preparation of 6-ACA or caprolactam, that can serve as an alternative for known methods.

It is a further object to provide a novel method that would overcome one or more of the drawbacks mentioned above.

One or more further objects which may be solved in accordance with the invention, will follow from the description, below.

It has now been found possible to prepare 6-ACA from a specific starting compound, namely it has been found possible to prepare 6-aminocaproic acid (6-ACA), wherein the 6-aminocaproic acid is prepared from 2-oxo-heptanedioic acid also known as α-ketopimelic acid (AKP). In particular, the preparation may be carried out in two or more reaction steps. For instance, a method is provided wherein AKP is first converted into 5-formylpentanoate (5-formylvaleric acid, 5-FVA), which 5-FVA is converted into 6-ACA. Further a method is provided wherein AKP is first converted into alpha-aminopimelic acid (AAP). Thereafter, AAP is converted into 6-ACA.

The inventors realised that in principle, it is possible to prepare 6-ACA from AKP in an entirely chemical (i.e. without the use of a biocatalyst) manner. Examples of suitable chemical ways of carrying out individual reaction steps are given herein below. However, the inventors also realised that it is possible to prepare 6-ACA biochemically from AKP.

Accordingly, the present invention in particular relates to a method for preparing 6-ACA, wherein the 6-ACA is prepared from AKP, using at least one biocatalyst.

The invention further relates to a method, wherein 6-ACA is prepared from 5-formylpentanoate (5-formylvaleric acid, 5-FVA), using a biocatalyst. As indicated above, the 5-FVA may be obtained from AKP.

In an embodiment, 6-ACA prepared in a method of the invention is used for preparing caprolactam. Such method comprises cyclising the 6-amino-caproic acid, optionally in the presence of a biocatalyst.

When referring herein to carboxylic acids or carboxylates, e.g. 6-ACA, 2-aminoheptanedioic acid (α-aminopimelic acid, herein after abbreviated as ‘AAP’), another amino acid, 5-FVA or AKP, these terms are meant to include the protonated carboxylic acid group (i.e. the neutral group), their corresponding carboxylate (their conjugated bases) as well as salts thereof. When referring herein to amino acids, e.g. 6-ACA, this term is meant to include amino acids in their zwitterionic form (in which the amino group is in the protonated and the carboxylate group is in the deprotonated form), the amino acid in which the amino group is protonated and the carboxylic group is in its neutral form, and the amino acid in which the amino group is in its neutral form and the carboxylate group is in the deprotonated form, as well as salts thereof.

In accordance with the invention, no problems have been noticed with respect to an undesired cyclisation of an intermediate product, when forming 6-ACA and optionally caprolactam, resulting in a loss of yield.

It is envisaged that a method of the invention allows a comparable or even better yield than the method described in WO 2005/68643. It is envisaged that a method of the invention may in particular be favourable if a use is made of a living organism—in particular in a method wherein growth and maintenance of the organism is taken into account.

It is further envisaged that in an embodiment of the invention the productivity of 6-ACA (g/l·h formed) in a method of the invention may be improved.

The term “or” as used herein is defined as “and/or” unless specified otherwise.

The term “a” or “an” as used herein is defined as “at least one” unless specified otherwise.

When referring to a noun (e.g. a compound, an additive, etc.) in the singular, the plural is meant to be included.

When referring to a compound of which stereoisomers exist, the compound may be any of such stereoisomers or a combination thereof. Thus, when referred to, e.g., an amino acid of which enantiomers exist, the amino acid may be the L-enantiomer, the D-enantiomer or a combination thereof. In case a natural stereoisomer exists, the compound is preferably a natural stereoisomer.

When an enzyme is mentioned with reference to an enzyme class (EC) between brackets, the enzyme class is a class wherein the enzyme is classified or may be classified, on the basis of the Enzyme Nomenclature provided by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB), which nomenclature may be found at http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/. Other suitable enzymes that have not (yet) been classified in a specified class but may be classified as such, are meant to be included.

The term “homologue” is used herein in particular for polynucleotides or polypeptides having a sequence identity of at least 30%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 60%, more preferably at least 65%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, in particular at least 85%, more in particular at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%. The term homologue is also meant to include nucleic acid sequences (polynucleotide sequences) which differ from another nucleic acid sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code and encode the same polypeptide sequence.

Sequence identity or similarity is herein defined as a relationship between two or more polypeptide sequences or two or more nucleic acid sequences, as determined by comparing the sequences. Usually, sequence identities or similarities are compared over the whole length of the sequences, but may however also be compared only for a part of the sequences aligning with each other. In the art, “identity” or “similarity” also means the degree of sequence relatedness between polypeptide sequences or nucleic acid sequences, as the case may be, as determined by the match between such sequences. Preferred methods to determine identity or similarity are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. In context of this invention a preferred computer program method to determine identity and similarity between two sequences includes BLASTP and BLASTN (Altschul, S. F. et al., J. Mol. Biol. 1990, 215, 403-410, publicly available from NCBI and other sources (BLAST Manual, Altschul, S., et al., NCBI NLM NIH Bethesda, Md. 20894). Preferred parameters for polypeptide sequence comparison using BLASTP are gap open 10.0, gap extend 0.5, Blosum 62 matrix. Preferred parameters for nucleic acid sequence comparison using BLASTN are gap open 10.0, gap extend 0.5, DNA full matrix (DNA identity matrix).

In accordance with the invention, a biocatalyst is used, i.e. at least one reaction step in the method is catalysed by a biological material or moiety derived from a biological source, for instance an organism or a biomolecule derived there from. The biocatalyst may in particular comprise one or more enzymes. The biocatalyst may be used in any form. In an embodiment, one or more enzymes are used isolated from the natural environment (isolated from the organism it has been produced in), for instance as a solution, an emulsion, a dispersion, (a suspension of) freeze-dried cells, as a lysate, or immobilised on a support. In an embodiment, one or more enzymes form part of a living organism (such as living whole cells).

The enzymes may perform a catalytic function inside the cell. It is also possible that the enzyme may be secreted into a medium, wherein the cells are present.

Living cells may be growing cells, resting or dormant cells (e.g. spores) or cells in a stationary phase. It is also possible to use an enzyme forming part of a permeabilised cell (i.e. made permeable to a substrate for the enzyme or a precursor for a substrate for the enzyme or enzymes).

A biocatalyst used in a method of the invention may in principle be any organism, or be obtained or derived from any organism. The organism may be eukaryotic or prokaryotic. In particular the organism may be selected from animals (including humans), plants, bacteria, archaea, yeasts and fungi.

In an embodiment a biocatalyst originates from an animal, in particular from a part thereof—e.g. liver, pancreas, brain, kidney, heart or other organ. The animal may in particular be selected from the group of mammals, more in particular selected from the group of Leporidae, Muridae, Suidae and Bovidae.

Suitable plants in particular include plants selected from the group of Asplenium; Cucurbitaceae, in particular Curcurbita, e.g. Curcurbita moschata (squash), or Cucumis; Mercurialis, e.g. Mercurialis perennis; Hydnocarpus; and Ceratonia.

Suitable bacteria may in particular be selected amongst the group of Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Brevibacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Escherichia, Thermus, Mycobacterium, Zymomonas, Proteus, Agrobacterium, Geobacillus, Acinetobacter, Ralstonia, Rhodobacter, Paracoccus, Novosphingobium, Nitrosomonas, Legionella, Neisseria, Rhodopseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Deinococcus and Salmonella.

Suitable archaea may in particular be selected amongst the group of Archaeoglobus, Aeropyrum, Halobacterium, Methanosarcina, Methanococcus, Thermoplasma, Pyrobaculum, Methanocaldococcus, Methanobacterium, Methanosphaera, Methanopyrus and Methanobrevibacter.

Suitable fungi may in particular be selected amongst the group of Rhizopus, Neurospora, Penicillium and Aspergillus.

A suitable yeast may in particular be selected amongst the group of Candida, Hansenula, Kluyveromyces and Saccharomyces.

It will be clear to the person skilled in the art that use can be made of a naturally occurring biocatalyst (wild type) or a mutant of a naturally occurring biocatalyst with suitable activity in a method according to the invention. Properties of a naturally occurring biocatalyst may be improved by biological techniques known to the skilled person in the art, such as e.g. molecular evolution or rational design. Mutants of wild-type biocatalysts can for example be made by modifying the encoding DNA of an organism capable of acting as a biocatalyst or capable of producing a biocatalytic moiety (such as an enzyme) using mutagenesis techniques known to the person skilled in the art (random mutagenesis, site-directed mutagenesis, directed evolution, gene recombination, etc.). In particular the DNA may be modified such that it encodes an enzyme that differs by at least one amino acid from the wild-type enzyme, so that it encodes an enzyme that comprises one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions compared to the wild-type, or such that the mutants combine sequences of two or more parent enzymes or by effecting the expression of the thus modified DNA in a suitable (host) cell. The latter may be achieved by methods known to the skilled person in the art such as codon optimisation or codon pair optimisation, e.g. based on a method as described in WO 2008/000632.

A mutant biocatalyst may have improved properties, for instance with respect to one or more of the following aspects: selectivity towards the substrate, activity, stability, solvent tolerance, pH profile, temperature profile, substrate profile, susceptibility to inhibition, cofactor utilisation and substrate-affinity. Mutants with improved properties can be identified by applying e.g. suitable high through-put screening or selection methods based on such methods known to the skilled person in the art.

When referred to a biocatalyst, in particular an enzyme, from a particular source, recombinant biocatalysts, in particular enzymes, originating from a first organism, but actually produced in a (genetically modified) second organism, are specifically meant to be included as biocatalysts, in particular enzymes, from that first organism.

In a preferred method of the invention, the preparation comprises a biocatalytic (usually an enzymatic) reaction in the presence of a biocatalyst capable of catalysing the decarboxylation of an α-keto acid or an amino acid (i.e. a compound comprising at least one carboxylic acid group and at least one amino group). An enzyme having such catalytic activity may therefore be referred to as an α-keto acid decarboxylase respectively an amino acid decarboxylase.

Said acid preferably is a diacid, wherein the said biocatalyst is selective towards the acid group next to the keto- or amino-group.

In general, a suitable decarboxylase has α-ketopimelate decarboxylase activity, capable of catalysing the conversion of AKP into 5-FVA or α-aminopimelate decarboxylase activity, capable of catalysing the conversion of AAP to 6-ACA.

An enzyme capable of decarboxylating an α-keto acid or an amino acid may in particular be selected from the group of decarboxylases (E.C. 4.1.1), preferably from the group of oxaloacetate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.3), diaminopimelate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.20), branched chain α-keto acid decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.72), α-ketoisovalerate decarboxylases, α-ketoglutarate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.71), and pyruvate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.1). One or more other suitable decarboxylases may be selected amongst the group of oxalate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.2), acetoacetate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.4), valine decarboxylases/leucine decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.14), glutamate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.15), aspartate 1-decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.11), 3-hydroxyglutamate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.16), ornithine decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.17), lysine decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.18), arginine decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.19), 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.71), and diaminobutyrate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.86)

A decarboxylase may in particular be a decarboxylase of an organism selected from the group of squashes; cucumbers; yeasts; fungi, e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida flareri, Hansenula sp., Kluyveromyces marxianus, Rhizopus javanicus, and Neurospora crassa; mammals, in particular from mammalian brain; and bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas sp. and Zymomonas mobilis.

The pyruvate decarboxylase may originate from Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Zymomonas mobilis. In particular, pyruvate decarboxylase mutant 1472A from Zymomonas mobilis may be used.

Glutamate decarboxylase, diaminopimelate decarboxylase or aspartate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli (E. coli) may be used.

Glutamate decarboxylase from Neurospora crassa, Mycobacterium leprae, Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacillus brevis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus or Lactococcus may be used. Examples of Lactococcus species from which the glutamate decarboxylase may originate in particular include Lactococcus lactis, such as Lactococcus lactis strain B1157, Lactococcus lactis IFPL730, more in particular Lactococcus lactis var. maltigenes (formerly named Streptococcus lactis var. maltigenes).

An oxaloacetate decarboxylase from Pseudomonas may in particular be used.

A branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase from Lactococcus lactis may be used. More in particular, an alpha-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase from Lactococcus lactis may be used.

An alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis may in particular be used.

In a preferred method of the invention, the preparation of 6-ACA comprises an enzymatic reaction in the presence of an enzyme capable of catalysing a transamination reaction in the presence of an amino donor, selected from the group of aminotransferases (E.C. 2.6.1).

In general, a suitable aminotransferase has 6-aminocaproic acid 6-aminotransferase activity, capable of catalysing the conversion of 5-FVA into 6-ACA or α-aminopimelate 2-aminotransferase activity, capable of catalysing the conversion of AKP into AAP.

The aminotransferase may in particular be selected amongst the group of β-aminoisobutyrate:α-ketoglutarate aminotransferases, β-alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferases, 4-amino-butyrate aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.19), L-lysine 6-aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.36), 2-aminoadipate aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.39), 5-aminovalerate aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.48), 2-aminohexanoate aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.67) and lysine:pyruvate 6-aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.71).

In an embodiment an aminotransferase may be selected amongst the group of alanine aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.2), leucine aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.6), alanine-oxo-acid aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.12), β-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.18), (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.22), L,L-diaminopimelate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.83).

The aminotransferase may in particular be selected amongst aminotransferases from a mammal; Mercurialis, in particular Mercurialis perennis, more in particular shoots of Mercurialis perennis; Asplenium, more in particular Asplenium unilaterale or Asplenium septentrionale; Ceratonia, more in particular Ceratonia siliqua; Rhodobacter, in particular Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Staphylococcus, in particular Staphylococcus aureus; Vibrio, in particular Vibrio fluvialis; Pseudomonas, in particular Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Rhodopseusomonas; Bacillus, in particular Bacillus weihenstephanensis and Bacillus subtilis; Legionella; Nitrosomas; Neisseria; or yeast, in particular Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In case the enzyme is of a mammal, it may in particular originate from mammalian kidney, from mammalian liver, from mammalian heart or from mammalian brain. For instance a suitable enzyme may be selected amongst the group of β-aminoisobutyrate:α-ketoglutarate aminotransferase from mammalian kidney, in particular β-aminoisobutyrate:α-ketoglutarate aminotransferase from hog kidney; β-alanine aminotransferase from mammalian liver, in particular β-alanine aminotransferase from rabbit liver; aspartate aminotransferase from mammalian heart; in particular aspartate aminotransferase from pig heart; 4-amino-butyrate aminotransferase from mammalian liver, in particular 4-amino-butyrate aminotransferase from pig liver; 4-amino-butyrate aminotransferase from mammalian brain, in particular 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase from human, pig, or rat brain; α-ketoadipate-glutamate aminotransferase from Neurospora, in particular α-ketoadipate: glutamate aminotransferase from Neurospora crassa; 4-amino-butyrate aminotransferase from E. coli, or α-aminoadipate aminotransferase from Thermus, in particular α-aminoadipate aminotransferase from Thermus thermophilus, and 5-aminovalerate aminotransferase from Clostridium in particular from Clostridium aminovalericum. A suitable 2-aminoadipate aminotransferase may e.g. be provided by Pyrobaculum islandicum.

In particular, the amino donor can be selected from the group of ammonia, ammonium ions, amines and amino acids. Suitable amines are primary amines and secondary amines. The amino acid may have a D- or L-configuration. Examples of amino donors are alanine, glutamate, isopropylamine, 2-aminobutane, 2-aminoheptane, phenylmethanamine, 1-phenyl-1-aminoethane, glutamine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, aspartate, β-aminoisobutyrate, β-alanine, 4-aminobutyrate, and α-aminoadipate.

In a further preferred embodiment, the method for preparing 6-ACA comprises a biocatalytic reaction in the presence of an enzyme capable of catalysing a reductive amination reaction in the presence of an ammonia source, selected from the group of oxidoreductases acting on the CH—NH₂ group of donors (EC 1.4), in particular from the group of amino acid dehydrogenases (E.C. 1.4.1). In general, a suitable amino acid dehydrogenase has 6-aminocaproic acid 6-dehydrogenase activity, catalysing the conversion of 5-FVA into 6-ACA or has α-aminopimelate 2-dehydrogenase activity, catalysing the conversion of AKP into AAP. In particular a suitable amino acid dehydrogenase be selected amongst the group of diaminopimelate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.16), lysine 6-dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.18), glutamate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.3; EC 1.4.1.4), and leucine dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.9).

In an embodiment, an amino acid dehydrogenase may be selected amongst an amino acid dehydrogenases classified as glutamate dehydrogenases acting with NAD or NADP as acceptor (EC 1.4.1.3), glutamate dehydrogenases acting with NADP as acceptor (EC 1.4.1.4), leucine dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.9), diaminopimelate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.16), and lysine 6-dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.18).

An amino acid dehydrogenase may in particular originate from an organism selected from the group of Corynebacterium, in particular Corynebacterium glutamicum; Proteus, in particular Proteus vulgaris; Agrobacterium, in particular Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Geobacillus, in particular Geobacillus stearothermophilus; Acinetobacter, in particular Acinetobacter sp. ADP1; Ralstonia, in particular Ralstonia solanacearum; Salmonella, in particular Salmonella typhimurium; Saccharomyces, in particular Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Brevibacterium, in particular Brevibacterium flavum; and Bacillus, in particular Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus cereus or Bacillus subtilis. For instance a suitable amino acid dehydrogenase may be selected amongst diaminopimelate dehydrogenases from Bacillus, in particular Bacillus sphaericus; diaminopimelate dehydrogenases from Brevibacterium sp.; diaminopimelate dehydrogenases from Corynebacterium, in particular diaminopimelate dehydrogenases from Corynebacterium glutamicum; diaminopimelate dehydrogenases from Proteus, in particular diaminopimelate dehydrogenase from Proteus vulgaris; lysine 6-dehydrogenases from Agrobacterium, in particular Agrobacterium tumefaciens, lysine 6-dehydrogenases from Geobacillus, in particular from Geobacillus stearothermophilus; glutamate dehydrogenases acting with NADH or NADPH as cofactor (EC 1.4.1.3) from Acinetobacter, in particular glutamate dehydrogenases from Acinetobacter sp. ADP1; glutamate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.3) from Ralstonia, in particular glutamate dehydrogenases from Ralstonia solanacearum; glutamate dehydrogenases acting with NADPH as cofactor (EC 1.4.1.4) from Salmonella, in particular glutamate dehydrogenases from Salmonella typhimurium; glutamate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.4) from Saccharomyces, in particular glutamate dehydrogenases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; glutamate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.4) from Brevibacterium, in particular glutamate dehydrogenases from Brevibacterium flavum; and leucine dehydrogenases from Bacillus, in particular leucine dehydrogenases from Bacillus cereus or Bacillus subtilis.

In a specific embodiment, AKP is biocatalytically converted into 5-formylpentanoate (5-FVA) in the presence of a decarboxylase or other biocatalyst catalysing such conversion. A decarboxylase used in accordance with the invention may in particular be selected from the group of α-keto acid decarboxylases from Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus lactis var. maltigenes or Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris; branched chain α-keto acid decarboxylases from Lactococcus lactis strain B1157 or Lactococcus lactis IFPL730; pyruvate decarboxylases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida flareri, Zymomonas mobilis, Hansenula sp., Rhizopus javanicus, Neurospora crassa, or Kluyveromyces marxianus; α-ketoglutarate decarboxylases from Mycobacterium tuberculosis; glutamate decarboxylases from E. coli, Lactobacillus brevis, Mycobacterium leprae, Neurospora crassa or Clostridium perfringens; and aspartate decarboxylases from E. coli.

In particular, a decarboxylase from Escherichia coli, Zymomonas mobilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas species, or Lactococcus lactis has been found suitable to catalyse the conversion of AKP into 5-FVA. More in particular, a biocatalyst comprising a decarboxylase having a amino acid sequence as identified by Sequence ID 31, Sequence ID 34, Sequence ID 37, Sequence ID 40, Sequence ID 43, Sequence ID 46 or a homologue thereof may be used. It is also envisaged that such decarboxylase may be used to prepare 6-ACA from AAP.

Thereafter 5-FVA is converted into 6-ACA. This can be done chemically: 6-ACA can be prepared in high yield by reductive amination of 5-FVA with ammonia over a hydrogenation catalyst, for example Ni on SiO₂/Al₂O₃ support, as described for 9-aminononanoic acid (9-aminopelargonic acid) and 12-aminododecanoic acid (12-aminolauric acid) in EP-A 628 535 or DE 4 322 065.

Alternatively, 6-ACA can be obtained by hydrogenation over PtO₂ of 6-oximocaproic acid, prepared by reaction of 5-FVA and hydroxylamine. (see e.g. F. O. Ayorinde, E. Y. Nana, P. D. Nicely, A. S. Woods, E. O. Price, C. P. Nwaonicha J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1997, 74, 531-538 for synthesis of the homologous 12-aminododecanoic acid).

In an embodiment, the conversion of 5-FVA to 6-ACA is performed biocatalytically in the presence of (i) an amino donor and (ii) an aminotransferase, an amino acid dehydrogenase or another biocatalyst capable of catalysing such conversion. In particular in such an embodiment the aminotransferase may be selected from the group of aminotransferases from Vibrio fluvialis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus weihenstephanensis or Escherichia coli; β-aminoisobutyrate:α-ketoglutarate aminotransferase from hog kidney; β-alanine aminotransferase from rabbit liver; aminotransferase from shoots from Mercurialis perennis; 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase from pig liver or from human, rat, or pig brain; β-alanine aminotransferase from rabbit liver; and L-lysine:α-ketoglutarate-ε-aminotransferase. In case an amino acid dehydrogenase is used, such amino acid dehydrogenase may in particular be selected from the group of lysine 6-dehydrogenases from Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Another suitable amino acid dehydrogenase may be selected from the group of diaminopimelate dehydrogenases from Bacillus sphaericus, Brevibacterium sp., Corynebacterium glutamicum, or Proteus vulgaris; from the group of glutamate dehydrogenases acting with NADH or NADPH as cofactor (EC 1.4.1.3) from Acinetobacter sp. ADP1 or Ralstonia solanacearum; from the group of glutamate dehydrogenases acting with NADPH as cofactor (EC 1.4.1.4) from Salmonella typhimurium; from the group of glutamate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.4) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Brevibacterium flavum; or from the group of leucine dehydrogenases from Bacillus cereus or Bacillus subtilis.

In a specific embodiment, the conversion of 5-FVA to 6-ACA is catalysed by a biocatalyst comprising an aminotransferase comprising an amino acid sequence according to Sequence ID 2, Sequence ID 5, Sequence ID 8, Sequence ID 65, Sequence ID 67, Sequence ID 69 or a homologue of any of these sequences.

In a specific embodiment, AKP is chemically converted into 5-FVA. Efficient chemical decarboxylation of a 2-keto carboxylic acid into the corresponding aldehyde can be performed by intermediate enamine formation using a secondary amine, for instance morpholine, under azeotropic water removal and simultaneous loss of CO₂, e.g. based on a method as described in Tetrahedron Lett. 1982, 23(4), 459-462. The intermediate terminal enamide is subsequently hydrolysed to the corresponding aldehyde. 5-FVA may thereafter be biocatalytically converted into 6-ACA by transamination in the presence of an aminotransferase or by enzymatic reductive amination by an amino acid dehydrogenase or another biocatalyst able of catalysing such conversion. Such aminotransferase or amino acid dehydrogenase may in particular be selected from the biocatalysts mentioned above when describing the conversion of 5-FVA to 6-ACA.

Alternatively, the conversion of 5-FVA to 6-ACA may be performed by a chemical method, e.g. as mentioned above.

In a specific embodiment, AKP is biocatalytically converted into AAP in the presence of (i) an aminotransferase, an amino acid dehydrogenase, or another biocatalyst capable of catalysing such conversion and (ii) an amino donor. Such aminotransferase used in accordance with the invention for the conversion of AKP to AAP may in particular be selected from aminotransferases mentioned above, more in particular from the group of aspartate aminotransferases from pig heart; α-ketoadipate:glutamate aminotransferases from Neurospora crassa or yeast; aminotransferases from shoots from Mercurialis perennis; 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferases from E. coli; α-aminoadipate aminotransferases from Thermus thermophilus; aminotransferases from Asplenium septentrionale or Asplenium unilaterale; and aminotransferases from Ceratonia siliqua.

In a preferred embodiment, the aminotransferase for the conversion of AKP to AAP is selected from the group of aminotransferases from Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Legionella, Nitrosomonas, Neisseria, Rhodobacter, Escherichia and Rhodopseudomonas.

In particular, aminotransferases from an organism selected from the group of Bacillus subtilis, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Legionella pneumophila, Nitrosomonas europaea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas syringae, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Vibrio fluvialis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been found suitable to catalyse the conversion of AKP to AAP.

In a specific embodiment, for the conversion of AKP to AAP an aminotransferase is used comprising an amino acid sequence according to Sequence ID 2, Sequence ID 8, Sequence ID 12, Sequence ID 15, Sequence ID 17, Sequence ID 19, Sequence ID 21, Sequence ID 23, Sequence ID 25, Sequence ID 27, Sequence ID 29 or a homologue of any of these sequences.

In a further embodiment, the method for preparing AAP comprises a biocatalytic reaction in the presence of an enzyme capable of catalysing a reductive amination reaction in the presence of an ammonia source, selected from the group of oxidoreductases acting on the CH—NH₂ group of donors (EC 1.4), in particular from the group of amino acid dehydrogenases (E.C. 1.4.1). In general, a suitable amino acid dehydrogenase has α-aminopimelate 2-dehydrogenase activity, catalysing the conversion of AKP into AAP.

In particular a suitable amino acid dehydrogenase may be selected from the group of diaminopimelate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.16), glutamate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.3; EC 1.4.1.4), and leucine dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.9).

In an embodiment, an amino acid dehydrogenase is selected amongst amino acid dehydrogenases classified as glutamate dehydrogenases acting with NAD or NADP as acceptor (EC 1.4.1.3), glutamate dehydrogenases acting with NADP as acceptor (EC 1.4.1.4), leucine dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.9), and diaminopimelate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.16).

An amino acid dehydrogenase may in particular originate from an organism selected from the group of Corynebacterium, in particular Corynebacterium glutamicum; Proteus, in particular Proteus vulgaris; Agrobacterium, in particular Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Geobacillus, in particular Geobacillus stearothermophilus; Acinetobacter, in particular Acinetobacter sp. ADP1; Ralstonia, in particular Ralstonia solanacearum; Salmonella, in particular Salmonella typhimurium; Saccharomyces, in particular Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Brevibacterium, in particular Brevibacterium flavum; and Bacillus, in particular Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus cereus or Bacillus subtilis.

For instance a suitable amino acid dehydrogenase may be selected amongst diaminopimelate dehydrogenases from Bacillus, in particular Bacillus sphaericus; diaminopimelate dehydrogenases from Brevibacterium sp.; diaminopimelate dehydrogenases from Corynebacterium, in particular diaminopimelate dehydrogenases from Corynebacterium glutamicum; diaminopimelate dehydrogenases from Proteus, in particular diaminopimelate dehydrogenase from Proteus vulgaris; glutamate dehydrogenases acting with NADH or NADPH as cofactor (EC 1.4.1.3) from Acinetobacter, in particular glutamate dehydrogenases from Acinetobacter sp. ADP1; glutamate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.3) from Ralstonia, in particular glutamate dehydrogenases from Ralstonia solanacearum; glutamate dehydrogenases acting with NADPH as cofactor (EC 1.4.1.4) from Salmonella, in particular glutamate dehydrogenases from Salmonella typhimurium; glutamate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.4) from Saccharomyces, in particular glutamate dehydrogenases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae; glutamate dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.4) from Brevibacterium, in particular glutamate dehydrogenases from Brevibacterium flavum; and leucine dehydrogenases from Bacillus, in particular leucine dehydrogenases from Bacillus cereus or Bacillus subtilis.

Another suitable amino acid dehydrogenase may be selected from the group of lysine 6-dehydrogenases from Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Geobacillus stearothermophilus; or from the group of leucine dehydrogenases from Bacillus cereus or Bacillus subtilis.

AAP prepared in a method of the invention may further be used for the preparation of 6-ACA. The inventors have realised that AAP, prepared from AKP, can be converted into 6-ACA by a decarboxylation reaction. This can be performed chemically, for instance by heating in a high boiling solvent in the presence of a ketone or aldehyde catalyst. For example, amino acids are decarboxylated in good yields in cyclohexanol at 150-160° C. with 1-2 v/v % of cyclohexenone as described by M. Hashimoto, Y. Eda, Y. Osanai, T. Iwai and S. Aoki in Chem. Lett. 1986, 893-896. Similar methods are described in Eur. Pat. Appl. 1586553, 2005 by Daiso, and by S. D. Brandt, D. Mansell, S. Freeman, I. A. Fleet, J. F. Alder J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2006, 41, 872-882.

Alternatively, the decarboxylation of AAP to 6-ACA may be performed biocatalytically in the presence of a decarboxylase or other biocatalyst catalysing such decarboxylation.

The decarboxylase may be selected amongst decarboxylases capable of catalysing the decarboxylation of an α-amino acid. An enzyme capable of decarboxylating an alpha-amino acid may in particular be selected from the group of decarboxylases (E.C. 4.1.1), preferably from the group of pyruvate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.1), diaminopimelate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.20), diaminopimelate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.20), branched chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.72), which include alpha-ketoisovalerate decarboxylases, and alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.71).

One or more other suitable decarboxylases may in particular be selected amongst the group of oxalate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.2), oxaloacetate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.3), acetoacetate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.4), aspartate 1-decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.11), valine decarboxylases/leucine decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.14), glutamate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.15), 3-hydroxyglutamate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.16), ornithine decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.17), lysine decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.18), arginine decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.19), 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.71), and diaminobutyrate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.86).

A decarboxylase may in particular be a decarboxylase of an organism selected from the group of squashes, e.g. Curcurbita moschata; cucumbers; yeasts; fungi, e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida flareri, Hansenula sp., Kluyveromyces marxianus, Rhizopus javanicus, and Neurospora crassa; mammals, in particular from mammalian brain; and bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Lactococcus lactis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas sp. and Zymomonas mobilis.

The pyruvate decarboxylase may originate from Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Zymomonas mobilis. In particular, pyruvate decarboxylase mutant 1472A from Zymomonas mobilis may be used. An oxaloacetate decarboxylase from Pseudomonas may in particular be used. Glutamate decarboxylase or aspartate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli (E. coli) may be used, or glutamate decarboxylase from Neurospora crassa, Mycobacterium leprae, Clostridium perfringens, Lactobacillus brevis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus or Lactococcus may be used. Examples of Lactococcus species from which the glutamate decarboxylase may originate in particular include Lactococcus lactis, such as Lactococcus lactis strain B1157, Lactococcus lactis IFPL730, more in particular Lactococcus lactis var. maltigenes (formerly named Streptococcus lactis var. maltigenes). A diaminopimelate decarboxylase may, e.g., be from an organism capable of synthesising lysine from diaminopimelate. Such organism may in particular be found amongst bacteria, archaea and plants. In particular, the diaminopimelate decarboxylase may be from a gram negative bacterium, for instance E. coli. Branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylases from Lactococcus lactis may be used. More in particular, branched chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylases and alpha-ketoisovalerate decarboxylases from Lactococcus lactis may be used.

An alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis may in particular be used. The inventors have found that alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase (Kgd) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis may be used for converting AAP into 6-ACA. In particular, the inventors have found that such decarboxylase comprising a sequence as shown in SEQUENCE ID No. 46 or a functional analogue thereof may be capable of catalysing the formation of 6-ACA from AAP.

A glutamate decarboxylase may in particular be selected from Curcurbita moschata, cucumber, yeast, or calf brain; and diaminopimelate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.20).

A diaminopimelate decarboxylase may, e.g., be from an organism capable of synthesising lysine from diaminopimelate. Such organism may in particular be found amongst bacteria, archaea and plants.

In particular, the diaminopimelate decarboxylase may be from a gram negative bacterium, for instance E. coli.

In a specific embodiment, AKP is chemically converted into AAP.

AAP can be prepared from 2-oxopimelic acid by catalytic Leuckart-Wallach reaction as described for similar compounds. This reaction is performed with ammonium formate in methanol and [RhCp*Cl₂]₂ as homogeneous catalyst (M. Kitamura, D. Lee, S. Hayashi, S. Tanaka, M. Yoshimura J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 8685-8687). Alternatively, the Leuckart-Wallach reaction can be performed with aqueous ammonium formate using [Ir^(III)Cp*(bpy)H₂O]SO₄ as catalyst as described by S. Ogo, K. Uehara and S. Fukuzumi in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 3020-3021. Transformation of α-keto acids into (enantiomerically enriched) amino acids is also possible by reaction with (chiral) benzylamines and subsequent hydrogenation of the intermediate imine over Pd/C or Pd(OH)₂/C. See for example, R. G. Hiskey, R. C. Northrop J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 4798.

Thereafter AAP is biocatalytically converted into 6-ACA, in the presence of a decarboxylase or another biocatalyst capable of performing such decarboxylation. Such decarboxylase may in particular be selected amongst the biocatalysts referred to above, when describing biocatalysts for the conversion of AAP to 6-ACA.

Alternatively, the conversion of AAP to 6-ACA may be performed by a chemical method, e.g. as mentioned above.

In a specific embodiment, AKP is biocatalytically converted into 5-FVA in the presence of a decarboxylase or other biocatalyst capable of catalysing such conversion and 5-FVA is thereafter converted into 6-ACA in the presence of an aminotransferase, amino acid dehydrogenase, or other biocatalyst capable of catalysing such conversion. Decarboxylases suitable for these reactions may in particular be selected from the group of decarboxylases mentioned above, when describing the biocatalytic conversion of AKP into 5-FVA. A suitable aminotransferase or amino acid dehydrogenase for the conversion of 5-FVA may in particular be selected from those mentioned above, when describing the biocatalytic conversion of 5-FVA to 6-ACA.

In a specific embodiment, AKP is biocatalytically converted into AAP in the presence of an aminotransferase, amino acid dehydrogenase, or other biocatalyst capable of catalysing such conversion and AAP is thereafter converted into 6-ACA in the presence of a decarboxylase or other biocatalyst capable of catalysing such conversion.

Enzymes suitable for these reactions may in particular be selected from the group of aminotransferases, amino acid dehydrogenases, and decarboxylases which have been described above when describing the biocatalytic conversion of AKP into AAP and the biocatalytic conversion of AAP into 6-ACA respectively.

AKP used to prepare 6-ACA may in principle be obtained in any way. For instance, AKP may be obtained based on a method as described by H. Jager et al. Chem. Ber. 1959, 92, 2492-2499. AKP can be prepared by alkylating cyclopentanone with diethyl oxalate using sodium ethoxide as a base, refluxing the resultant product in a strong acid (2 M HCl) and recovering the product, e.g. by crystallisation from toluene.

It is also possible to obtain AKP from a natural source, e.g. from methanogenic Archaea, from Asplenium septentrionale, or from Hydnocarpus anthelminthica. AKP may for instance be extracted from such organism, or a part thereof, e.g. from Hydnocarpus anthelminthica seeds. A suitable extraction method may e.g. be based on the method described in A. I. Virtanen and A. M. Berg in Acta Chemica Scandinavica 1954, 6, 1085-1086, wherein the extraction of amino acids and AKP from Asplenium, using 70% ethanol, is described.

In a specific embodiment, AKP is prepared in a method comprising converting alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) into alpha-ketoadipic acid (AKA) and converting alpha-ketoadipic acid into alpha-ketopimelic acid. This reaction may be catalysed by a biocatalyst. AKG may, e.g., be prepared biocatalytically from a carbon source, such as a carbohydrate, in a manner known in the art per se.

A suitable biocatalyst for preparing AKP from AKG may in particular be selected amongst biocatalysts catalysing C₁-elongation of alpha-ketoglutaric acid into alpha-ketoadipic acid and/or C₁-elongation of alpha-ketoadipic acid into alpha-ketopimelic acid.

In a specific embodiment, the preparation of AKP is catalysed by a biocatalyst comprising

a. an AksA enzyme or an homologue thereof;

b. at least one enzyme selected from the group of AksD enzymes, AksE enzymes, homologues of AksD enzymes and homologues of AksE enzymes; and

c. an AksF enzyme or a homologue thereof.

One or more of the AksA, AksD, AksE, AksF enzymes or homologues thereof may be found in an organism selected from the group of methanogenic archaea, preferably selected from the group of Methanococcus, Methanocaldococcus, Methanosarcina, Methanothermobacter, Methanosphaera, Methanopyrus and Methanobrevibacter.

In a specific embodiment, the biocatalyst catalysing the preparation of AKP from alpha-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) comprises an enzyme system catalysing the conversion of alpha-ketoglutaric acid into alpha-ketoadipic acid, wherein said enzyme system forms part of the alpha-amino adipate pathway for lysine biosynthesis. The term ‘enzyme system’ is in particular used herein for a single enzyme or a group of enzymes whereby a specific conversion can be catalysed.

The preparation of AKP from AKG may comprise one or more biocatalytic reactions with known or unknown intermediates e.g. the conversion of AKG into AKA or the conversion of AKA into AKP. Such system may be present inside a cell or isolated from a cell. The enzyme system may in particular be from an organism selected from the group of yeasts, fungi, archaea and bacteria, in particular from the group of Penicillium, Cephalosporium, Paelicomyces, Trichophytum, Aspergillus, Phanerochaete, Emericella, Ustilago, Schizosaccharomyces, Saccharomyces, Candida, Yarrowia, Pichia, Kluyveromyces, Thermus, Deinococcus, Pyrococcus, Sulfolobus, Thermococcus, Methanococcus, Methanocaldococcus, Methanosphaera, Methanopyrus, Methanobrevibacter, Methanosarcina and Methanothermobacter.

In a specific embodiment, the biocatalyst catalysing the preparation of AKP from alpha-ketoglutaric acid comprises an enzyme system catalysing the conversion of alpha-ketoglutaric acid into alpha-ketoadipic acid, wherein at least one of the enzymes of the enzyme system originates from nitrogen fixing bacteria selected from the group of cyanobacteria, rhizobiales, γ-proteobacteria and actinobacteria, in particular from the group of Anabaena, Microcystis, Synechocystis, Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Klebsiella and Frankia.

Examples of homologues for these Aks enzymes and the genes encoding these enzymes are given in the Tables 1A and 1B on the following pages.

TABLE 1A Enzyme name Organism gene Protein AksA Methanocaldococcus jannashii MJ0503 NP_247479 Methanothermobacter thermoautotropicum ΔH MTH1630 NP_276742 Methanococcus maripaludis S2 MMP0153 NP_987273 Methanococcus maripaludis C5 MmarC5_1522 YP_001098033 Methanococcus maripaludis C7 MmarC7_1153 YP_001330370 Methanosphaera stadtmanae DSM 3091 Msp_0199 YP_447259 Methanopyrus kandleri AV19 MK1209 NP_614492 Methanobrevibacter smithii ATCC35061 Msm_0722 YP_001273295 Methanococcus vannielii SB Mevan_1158 YP_001323668 Methanococcus aeolicus Nankai 3 Maeo_0994 YP_001325184 AksD Methanocaldococcus jannashii MJ1003 NP_247997 Methanothermobacter thermoautotropicum ΔH MTH1386 NP_276502 Methanococcus maripaludis S2 Mmp1480 NP_988600 Methanococcus maripaludis C5 MmarC5_0098 YP_001096630 Methanococcus maripaludis C7 MmarC7_0724 YP_001329942 Methanosphaera stadtmanae DSM 3091 Msp_1486 YP_448499 Methanopyrus kandleri AV19 MK1440 NP_614723 Methanobrevibacter smithii ATCC35061 Msm_0723 YP_001273296 Methanococcus vannielii SB Mevan_0789 YP_001323307 Methanococcus aeolicus Nankai 3 Maeo_0311 YP_001324511 References to gene and protein can be found via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.dov/, (as available on 15 Apr. 2008)

TABLE 1B Enzyme name Organism gene Protein AksE Methanocaldococcus jannashii MJ1271 NP_248267 Methanothermobacter thermoautotropicum ΔH MTH1387 NP_276503 Methanococcus maripaludis S2 MMP0381 NP_987501 Methanococcus maripaludis C5 MmarC5_1257 YP_001097769 Methanococcus maripaludis C7 MmarC7_1379 YP_001330593 Methanosphaera stadtmanae DSM 3091 Msp_1485 YP_448498 Methanopyrus kandleri AV19 MK0781 NP_614065 Methanobrevibacter smithii ATCC35061 Msm_0847 YP_001273420 Methanococcus vannielii SB Mevan_1368 YP_001323877 Methanococcus aeolicus Nankai 3 Maeo_0652 YP_001324848 AksF Methanocaldococcus jannashii MJ1596 NP_248605 Methanothermobacter thermoautotropicum ΔH MTH184 NP_275327 Methanococcus maripaludis S2 MMP0880 NP988000 Methanococcus maripaludis C5 MmarC5_0688 YP_001097214 Methanococcus maripaludis C7 MmarC7_0128 YP_001329349 Methanosphaera stadtmanae DSM 3091 Msp_0674 YP_447715 Methanopyrus kandleri AV19 MK0782 NP_614066 Methanobrevibacter smithii ATCC35061 Msm_0373 YP_001272946 Methanococcus vannielii SB Mevan_0040 YP_001322567 Methanococcus aeolicus Nankai 3 Maeo_1484 YP_001325672 References to gene and protein can be found via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.dov/, (as available on 15 Apr. 2008)

If desired, 6-ACA obtained in accordance with the invention can be cyclised to form caprolactam, e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,572.

Reaction conditions for any biocatalytic step in the context of the present invention may be chosen depending upon known conditions for the biocatalyst, in particular the enzyme, the information disclosed herein and optionally some routine experimentation.

In principle, the pH of the reaction medium used may be chosen within wide limits, as long as the biocatalyst is active under the pH conditions. Alkaline, neutral or acidic conditions may be used, depending on the biocatalyst and other factors. In case the method includes the use of a micro-organism, e.g. for expressing an enzyme catalysing a method of the invention, the pH is selected such that the micro-organism is capable of performing its intended function or functions. The pH may in particular be chosen within the range of four pH units below neutral pH and two pH units above neutral pH, i.e. between pH 3 and pH 9 in case of an essentially aqueous system at 25° C. A system is considered aqueous if water is the only solvent or the predominant solvent (>50 wt. %, in particular >90 wt. %, based on total liquids), wherein e.g. a minor amount of alcohol or another solvent (<50 wt. %, in particular <10 wt. %, based on total liquids) may be dissolved (e.g. as a carbon source) in such a concentration that micro-organisms which may be present remain active. In particular in case a yeast and/or a fungus is used, acidic conditions may be preferred, in particular the pH may be in the range of pH 3 to pH 8, based on an essentially aqueous system at 25° C. If desired, the pH may be adjusted using an acid and/or a base or buffered with a suitable combination of an acid and a base.

In principle, the incubation conditions can be chosen within wide limits as long as the biocatalyst shows sufficient activity and/or growth. This includes aerobic, micro-aerobic, oxygen limited and anaerobic conditions.

Anaerobic conditions are herein defined as conditions without any oxygen or in which substantially no oxygen is consumed by the biocatalyst, in particular a micro-organism, and usually corresponds to an oxygen consumption of less than 5 mmol/l·h, in particular to an oxygen consumption of less than 2.5 mmol/l·h, or less than 1 mmol/l·h.

Aerobic conditions are conditions in which a sufficient level of oxygen for unrestricted growth is dissolved in the medium, able to support a rate of oxygen consumption of at least 10 mmol/l·h, more preferably more than 20 mmol/l·h, even more preferably more than 50 mmol/l·h, and most preferably more than 100 mmol/l·h.

Oxygen-limited conditions are defined as conditions in which the oxygen consumption is limited by the oxygen transfer from the gas to the liquid. The lower limit for oxygen-limited conditions is determined by the upper limit for anaerobic conditions, i.e. usually at least 1 mmol/l·h, and in particular at least 2.5 mmol/l·h, or at least 5 mmol/l·h. The upper limit for oxygen-limited conditions is determined by the lower limit for aerobic conditions, i.e. less than 100 mmol/l·h, less than 50 mmol/l·h, less than 20 mmol/l·h, or less than to 10 mmol/l·h.

Whether conditions are aerobic, anaerobic or oxygen limited is dependent on the conditions under which the method is carried out, in particular by the amount and composition of ingoing gas flow, the actual mixing/mass transfer properties of the equipment used, the type of micro-organism used and the micro-organism density.

In principle, the temperature used is not critical, as long as the biocatalyst, in particular the enzyme, shows substantial activity. Generally, the temperature may be at least 0° C., in particular at least 15° C., more in particular at least 20° C. A desired maximum temperature depends upon the biocatalyst. In general such maximum temperature is known in the art, e.g. indicated in a product data sheet in case of a commercially available biocatalyst, or can be determined routinely based on common general knowledge and the information disclosed herein. The temperature is usually 90° C. or less, preferably 70° C. or less, in particular 50° C. or less, more in particular or 40° C. or less.

In particular if a biocatalytic reaction is performed outside a host organism, a reaction medium comprising an organic solvent may be used in a high concentration (e.g. more than 50%, or more than 90 wt. %), in case an enzyme is used that retains sufficient activity in such a medium.

In an advantageous method 6-ACA is prepared making use of a whole cell biotransformation of the substrate for 6-ACA or an intermediate for forming 6-ACA (AKP, AAP or 5-FVA), comprising a micro-organism wherein one or more biocatalysts (usually one or more enzymes) catalysing the biotransformation are produced, such as one or more biocatalysts selected from the group of biocatalysts capable of catalysing the conversion of AKP to AAP, biocatalysts capable of catalysing the conversion of AAP to 6-ACA, biocatalysts capable of catalysing the conversion of AKP to 5-FVA and biocatalysts capable of catalysing the conversion of 5-FVA to 6-ACA. In a preferred embodiment the micro-organism is capable of producing a decarboxylase and/or at least one enzyme selected from amino acid dehydrogenases and aminotransferases are produced. capable of catalysing a reaction step as described above, and a carbon source for the micro-organism.

The carbon source may in particular contain at least one compound selected from the group of monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, carboxylic acids, carbon dioxide, fatty acids, glycerides, including mixtures comprising any of said compounds. Suitable monohydric alcohols include methanol and ethanol, Suitable polyols include glycerol and carbohydrates. Suitable fatty acids or glycerides may in particular be provided in the form of an edible oil, preferably of plant origin.

In particular a carbohydrate may be used, because usually carbohydrates can be obtained in large amounts from a biologically renewable source, such as an agricultural product, preferably an agricultural waste-material. Preferably a carbohydrate is used selected from the group of glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, saccharose, starch, cellulose and hemi-cellulose. Particularly preferred are glucose, oligosaccharides comprising glucose and polysaccharides comprising glucose.

A cell, in particular a recombinant cell, comprising one or more biocatalysts (usually one or more enzymes) for catalysing a reaction step in a method of the invention can be constructed using molecular biological techniques, which are known in the art per se. For instance, if one or more biocatalysts are to be produced in a recombinant cell (which may be a heterologous system), such techniques can be used to provide a vector (such as a recombinant vector) which comprises one or more genes encoding one or more of said biocatalysts. One or more vectors may be used, each comprising one or more of such genes. Such vector can comprise one or more regulatory elements, e.g. one or more promoters, which may be operably linked to a gene encoding an biocatalyst.

As used herein, the term “operably linked” refers to a linkage of polynucleotide elements (or coding sequences or nucleic acid sequence) in a functional relationship. A nucleic acid sequence is “operably linked” when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the coding sequence.

As used herein, the term “promoter” refers to a nucleic acid fragment that functions to control the transcription of one or more genes, located upstream with respect to the direction of transcription of the transcription initiation site of the gene, and is structurally identified by the presence of a binding site for DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, transcription initiation sites and any other DNA sequences, including, but not limited to transcription factor binding sites, repressor and activator protein binding sites, and any other sequences of nucleotides known to one of skilled in the art to act directly or indirectly to regulate the amount of transcription from the promoter. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter that is active under most environmental and developmental conditions. An “inducible” promoter is a promoter that is active under environmental or developmental regulation. The term “homologous” when used to indicate the relation between a given (recombinant) nucleic acid or polypeptide molecule and a given host organism or host cell, is understood to mean that in nature the nucleic acid or polypeptide molecule is produced by a host cell or organisms of the same species, preferably of the same variety or strain.

The promoter that could be used to achieve the expression of the nucleic acid sequences coding for an enzyme for use in a method of the invention, in particular an aminotransferase, an amino acid dehydrogenase or a decarboxylase, such as described herein above may be native to the nucleic acid sequence coding for the enzyme to be expressed, or may be heterologous to the nucleic acid sequence (coding sequence) to which it is operably linked. Preferably, the promoter is homologous, i.e. endogenous to the host cell.

If a heterologous promoter (to the nucleic acid sequence encoding for the enzyme of interest) is used, the heterologous promoter is preferably capable of producing a higher steady state level of the transcript comprising the coding sequence (or is capable of producing more transcript molecules, i.e. mRNA molecules, per unit of time) than is the promoter that is native to the coding sequence. Suitable promoters in this context include both constitutive and inducible natural promoters as well as engineered promoters, which are well known to the person skilled in the art.

A “strong constitutive promoter” is one which causes mRNAs to be initiated at high frequency compared to a native host cell. Examples of such strong constitutive promoters in Gram-positive micro-organisms include SP01-26, SP01-15, veg, pyc (pyruvate carboxylase promoter), and amyE.

Examples of inducible promoters in Gram-positive micro-organisms include, the IPTG inducible Pspac promoter, the xylose inducible PxylA promoter.

Examples of constitutive and inducible promoters in Gram-negative microorganisms include, but are not limited to, tac, tet, trp-tet, lpp, lac, lpp-lac, laclq, T7, T5, T3, gal, trc, ara (P_(BAD)), SP6, λ-P_(R), and λ-P_(L).

Promoters for (filamentous) fungal cells are known in the art and can be, for example, the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gpdA promoters, protease promoters such as pepA, pepB, pepC, the glucoamylase glaA promoters, amylase amyA, amyB promoters, the catalase catR or catA promoters, glucose oxidase goxC promoter, beta-galactosidase lacA promoter, alpha-glucosidase aglA promoter, translation elongation factor tefA promoter, xylanase promoters such as xlnA, xlnB, xlnC, xlnD, cellulase promoters such as eglA, egiB, cbhA, promoters of transcriptional regulators such as areA, creA, xlnR, pacC, prfT, or another promotor, and can be found among others at the NCO website (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/).

The term “heterologous” when used with respect to a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) or protein refers to a nucleic acid or protein that does not occur naturally as part of the organism, cell, genome or DNA or RNA sequence in which it is present, or that is found in a cell or location or locations in the genome or DNA or RNA sequence that differ from that in which it is found in nature. Heterologous nucleic acids or proteins are not endogenous to the cell into which it is introduced, but has been obtained from another cell or synthetically or recombinantly produced. Generally, though not necessarily, such nucleic acids encode proteins that are not normally produced by the cell in which the DNA is transcribed or expressed. Similarly exogenous RNA encodes for proteins not normally expressed in the cell in which the exogenous RNA is present. Heterologous nucleic acids and proteins may also be referred to as foreign nucleic acids or proteins. Any nucleic acid or protein that one of skill in the art would recognize as heterologous or foreign to the cell in which it is expressed is herein encompassed by the term heterologous nucleic acid or protein.

A method according to the invention may be carried out in a host organism, which may be novel.

Accordingly, the invention also relates to a host cell comprising one or more biocatalysts capable of catalysing at least one reaction step in a method of the invention, in particular capable of catalysing at least one reaction step in the conversion of AKP, AAP or 5-FVA to 6-ACA. The invention also relates to a novel vector comprising one or more genes encoding for one or more enzymes capable of catalysing at least one reaction step in a method of the invention, in particular capable of catalysing at least one reaction step in the conversion of AKP to 6-ACA and to a novel host cell comprising one or more genes encoding for one or more enzymes capable of catalysing at least one reaction step in a method of the invention, in particular capable of catalysing at least one reaction step in the conversion of AKP to 6-ACA (which one or more genes may form part of one or more vectors).

In a specific embodiment, a host cell according to the invention is a recombinant cell comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a biocatalyst capable of catalysing a transamination reaction or a reductive amination reaction to form alpha-aminopimelic acid from alpha-ketopimelic acid. Said sequence may be part of a vector or may have been inserted into the chromosomal DNA.

In particular, a host cell or vector according to the invention may comprise at least one nucleic acid sequence, in particular at least two nucleic acid sequences, selected from the group of nucleic acid sequences encoding an enzyme with α-ketopimelic acid decarboxylase activity, nucleic acid sequences encoding an enzyme with 5-formylpentanoate aminotransferase activity, nucleic acid sequences encoding an enzyme with α-ketopimelic acid aminotransferase activity, nucleic acid sequences encoding an enzyme with α-ketopimelic acid dehydrogenase activity and nucleic acid sequences encoding an enzyme with α-aminopimelic acid decarboxylase activity. Of these sequences, typically one or more, in particular two or more, are recombinant sequences.

In preferred embodiment the host cell, typically a recombinant host cell, or the vector according to the invention comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one biocatalyst having α-ketopimelic acid decarboxylase activity, and/or at least one nucleic acid sequence selected from sequences encoding a biocatalyst with 5-formylpentanoate aminotransferase activity.

In such an embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with α-ketopimelic acid decarboxylase activity may in particular comprise an amino acid sequence according to Sequence ID 31, Sequence ID 34, Sequence ID 37, Sequence ID 40, Sequence ID 43 or Sequence ID 46 or a homologue of any of these sequences and/or the nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with 5-formylpentanoate aminotransferase may in particular comprise an amino acid sequence according to Sequence ID 2, Sequence ID 5, Sequence ID 8, Sequence ID 65 Sequence ID 67, Sequence ID 69 or a homologue thereof. One or more of said nucleic acid sequences may form part of one or more recombinant vectors.

In a further preferred embodiment, the vector or host cell comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with α-ketopimelic acid aminotransferase activity and/or a nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with α-aminopimelic acid decarboxylase activity. The nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with α-ketopimelic acid aminotransferase activity may in particular comprise an amino acid sequence according to Sequence ID 2, Sequence ID 8, Sequence ID 12, Sequence ID 15, Sequence ID 17, Sequence ID 19, Sequence ID 21, Sequence ID 23, Sequence ID 25, Sequence ID 27, Sequence ID 29, or a homologue thereof. One or more of said nucleic acid sequences may form part of one or more recombinant vectors.

In a specific preferred embodiment, a host cell according to the invention comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with α-aminopimelate 2-dehydrogenase activity and a nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with α-aminopimelate decarboxylase activity.

In a specific preferred embodiment, a host cell according to the invention comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with 6-aminocaproic acid 6-dehydrogenase activity and a nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with α-ketopimelic acid decarboxylase activity.

One or more suitable genes of a host cell or vectors according to the invention may in particular be selected amongst genes encoding an enzyme as mentioned herein above.

In a specific embodiment, the host cell is a recombinant cell comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence selected from the group of sequences as identified in any of Sequence ID 1, Sequence ID 3, Sequence ID 4, Sequence ID 6, Sequence ID 7, Sequence ID 11, Sequence ID 13, Sequence ID 14, Sequence ID 16, Sequence ID 18, Sequence ID 20, Sequence ID 22, Sequence ID 24, Sequence ID 26, Sequence ID 28, Sequence ID 30, Sequence ID 32, Sequence ID 33, Sequence ID 35, Sequence ID 36, Sequence ID 38, Sequence ID 39, Sequence ID 41, Sequence ID 42, Sequence ID 44, Sequence ID 45, Sequence ID 47, Sequence ID 64, Sequence ID 66, Sequence ID 68 and functional analogues thereof.

A nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with 5-FVA aminotransferase activity, may in particular be a sequence selected from the group of sequences represented by any of the Sequence ID's 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 64, 66, 68, and functional analogues of any of these sequences.

As used herein, the term “functional analogues” at least includes other sequences encoding an enzyme having the same amino acid sequence and other sequences encoding a homologue of such enzyme.

A nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with AKP decarboxylase activity may in particular be a sequence selected from the group of sequences represented by any of the Sequence ID's 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47 and functional analogues of any of these sequences.

In a preferred embodiment, the host cell comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme, capable of catalysing the conversion of AAP to AKP, according to Sequence ID No.: 1, 3, 7, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, or a functional analogue thereof, which may be a wild type or non-wild type sequence

In a specific embodiment, the host cell comprises at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a biocatalyst having alpha-aminopimelic acid decarboxylase activity, which may be homologous or heterologous to the host cell. In particular such biocatalyst may be selected from the group of decarboxylases (E.C. 4.1.1), more in particular from the group of glutamate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.15), diaminopimelate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.20) aspartate 1-decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.11), branched chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylases, alpha-ketoisovalerate decarboxylases, alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylases, pyruvate decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1.1) and oxaloacetate decarboxylases (E.C. 4.1.1.3).

In a specific embodiment, the host cell comprises one or more enzymes catalysing the formation of AKP from AKG (see also above). Use may be made of an enzyme system forming part of the alpha-amino adipate pathway for lysine biosynthesis. The term ‘enzyme system’ is in particular used herein for a single enzyme or a group of enzymes whereby a specific conversion can be catalysed. Said conversion may comprise one or more chemical reactions with known or unknown intermediates e.g. the conversion of AKG into AKA or the conversion of AKA into AKP. Such system may be present inside a cell or isolated from a cell. It is known that aminotransferases often have a wide substrate range. If present, it may be desired to decrease activity of one or more such enzymes in a host cell such that activity in the conversion of AKA to alpha-aminoadipate (AAA) is reduced, whilst maintaining relevant catalytic functions for biosynthesis of other amino acids or cellular components. Also a host cell devoid of any other enzymatic activity resulting in the conversion of AKA to an undesired side product is preferred.

In a preferred host cell, suitable for preparing AAP making use of a whole cell biotransformation process, one or more biocatalysts capable of catalysing at least one reaction step in the preparation of alpha-ketopimelic acid from alpha-ketoglutaric acid are encoded for. Suitable biocatalysts are, e.g., as described above when discussing the preparation of AKP.

The host cell may for instance be selected from bacteria, yeasts or fungi. In particular the host cell may be selected from the genera selected from the group of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Candida, Hansenula, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Gluconobacter, Methanococcus, Methanobacterium, Methanocaldococcus and Methanosarcina and Escherichia. Herein, usually one or more encoding nucleic acid sequences as mentioned above have been cloned and expressed.

In particular, the host strain and, thus, a host cell suitable for the biochemical synthesis of 6-ACA may be selected from the group of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Saccharomyces cervisiae, Hansenula polymorpha, Candida albicans, Kluyveromyces lactis, Pichia stipitis, Pichia pastoris, Methanobacterium thermoautothrophicum ΔH, Methanococcus maripaludis, Methanococcus voltae, Methanosarcina acetivorans, Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanosarcina mazei host cells. In a preferred embodiment, the host cell is capable of producing lysine (as a precursor).

The host cell may be in principle a naturally occurring organism or may be an engineered organism. Such an organism can be engineered using a mutation screening or metabolic engineering strategies known in the art. In a specific embodiment, the host cell naturally comprises (or is capable of producing) one or more of the enzymes suitable for catalysing a reaction step in a method of the invention, such as one or more activities selected from the group of decarboxylases, aminotransferases and amino acid dehydrogenases capable of catalysing a reaction step in a method of the invention. For instance E. coli may naturally be capable of producing an enzyme catalysing a transamination in a method of the invention. It is also possible to provide a recombinant host cell with both a recombinant gene encoding an aminotransferase or amino acid dehydrogenase capable of catalysing a reaction step in a method of the invention and a recombinant gene encoding a decarboxylase gene capable of catalysing a reaction step in a method of the invention.

For instance a host cell may be selected of the genus Corynebacterium, in particular C. glutamicum, enteric bacteria, in particular Escherichia coli, Bacillus, in particular B. subtilis and B. methanolicus, and Saccharomyces, in particular S. cerevisiae. Particularly suitable are C. glutamicum or B. methanolicus strains which have been developed for the industrial production of lysine.

The invention further relates to a micro-organism, which may be a wild-type micro-organism isolated from its natural environment or a recombinant micro-organism, comprising DNA containing a nucleic acid sequence as identified in any Sequence ID selected from the group of Sequence ID 3, Sequence ID 6, Sequence ID 13, Sequence ID No. 32, Sequence ID No. 35, Sequence ID No. 41, Sequence ID No. 44, Sequence ID No. 47, and functional analogues thereof.

Functional analogues of a nucleotides sequence, as referred to herein, are in particular nucleotide sequences encoding the same amino acid sequence as that nucleotide sequence or encoding a homologue of that nucleotide sequence. In particular, preferred functional analogues are nucleotide sequence having a similar, the same or a better level of expression in a host cell of interest as the nucleotide sequence of which it is referred to as being a functional analogue of.

The invention further relates to a polynucleotide or vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence as identified in any Sequence ID selected from the group of Sequence ID 3, Sequence ID 6, Sequence ID 13, Sequence ID No. 32, Sequence ID No. 35, Sequence ID No. 41, Sequence ID No. 44, Sequence ID No. 47 and non-wild-type functional analogues thereof. Such polynucleotide or vector is in particular advantageous for providing a host cell, especially an E. coli host cell, or another host cell which is capable of catalysing at least one reaction step in the conversion of AKP to 6-ACA with a high yield, compared to a corresponding wild-type gene.

Optionally, the polynucleotide or vector comprises one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding one or more other biocatalysts suitable for catalysing a reaction step in a method according to the invention, in particular such one or more of the biocatalyst referred to above.

The invention further relates to a method for preparing alpha-aminopimelic acid (AAP), comprising converting AKP into AAP, which conversion is catalysed by a biocatalyst.

For such method in particular a biocatalyst may be used having aminotransferase activity or reductive amination activity as described above.

As indicated above, the AAP may thereafter be used for the preparation of 6-ACA. Alternatively, AAP may be used as such, e.g. as a chemical for biochemical research or as a pH-buffer compound, e.g. for use in an preparative or analytical separation technique such as liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis.

Further, AAP prepared in a method of the invention may further be used in the preparation of another compound, for instance, AAP may be converted into caprolactam. As described above, and illustrated in an example, below. AAP can be chemically converted in caprolactam, e.g. by exposure to a high temperature. Without being bound by theory, it is contemplated that also in this reaction 6-ACA may be formed as a short-lived intermediate.

Next, the invention will be illustrated by the following examples.

EXAMPLES

General Methods

Molecular and Genetic Techniques

Standard genetic and molecular biology techniques are generally known in the art and have been previously described (Maniatis et al. 1982 “Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual”. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.; Miller 1972 “Experiments in molecular genetics”, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor; Sambrook and Russell 2001 “Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual” (3rd edition), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; F. Ausubel et al, eds., “Current protocols in molecular biology”, Green Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York 1987).

Plasmids and Strains

pBAD/Myc-His C was obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif., USA). Plasmid pBAD/Myc-His-DEST constructed as described in WO2005/068643, was used for protein expression. E. coli TOP10 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA) was used for all cloning procedures and for expression of target genes.

Media

LB medium (10 g/l tryptone, 5 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l NaCl) was used for growth of E. coli. Antibiotics (50 μg/ml carbenicillin) were supplemented to maintain plasmids. For induction of gene expression under control of the P_(BAD) promoter in pBAD/Myc-His-DEST derived plasmids, L-arabinose was added to a final concentration of 0.2% (w/v).

Identification of Plasmids

Plasmids carrying the different genes were identified by genetic, biochemical, and/or phenotypic means generally known in the art, such as resistance of transformants to antibiotics, PCR diagnostic analysis of transformant or purification of plasmid DNA, restriction analysis of the purified plasmid DNA or DNA sequence analysis.

HPLC-MS Analysis Method for the Determination of 5-FVA

5-FVA was detected by selective reaction monitoring (SRM)-MS, measuring the transition m/z 1294→83. Concentrations for 5-FVA were calculated by measuring the peak area of the 5-FVA peak eluting at approximately 6 min. Calibration was performed by using an external standard procedure. All the LC-MS experiments were performed on an Agilent 1200 LC system, consisting of a quaternary pump, autosampler and column oven, coupled with an Agilent 6410 QQQ triple quadrupole MS.

Lc Conditions:

-   Column: 50×4.6 mm Nucleosil C18, 5 μm (Machery & Nagel) pre column     coupled to a 250×4.6 mm id. Prevail C18, 5 μm (Alltech) -   Column temperature: room temperature -   Eluent: A: water containing 0.1% formic acid

B: acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid

-   Gradient:

time (min) % eluent B  0 10  6 50  6.1 10 11 10

-   Flow: 1.2 ml/min, before entering the MS the flow is split 1:3 -   Injection volume: 2 μl -   MS conditions: -   Ionisation: negative ion electrospray

source conditions: ionspray voltage: 5 kV

-   -   temperature: 350° C.     -   fragmentor voltage and collision energy optimized

-   Scan mode: selective reaction mode: transition m/z 129→83

HPLC-MS Analysis for the Determination of AAP

AAP was detected by selected ion monitoring (SIM)-MS, measuring the protonated molecule for AAP with m/z 176. Concentrations for AAP were calculated by measuring the peak area of the AAP peak eluting at a retention time of 2.7 minutes in the samples. Calibration was performed by using an external standard procedure. All the LC-MS experiments were performed on an Agilent 1100 LC system consisting of a quaternary pump, degasser, autosampler and column oven, coupled with an API 2000 triple quadrupole MS (Applied Biosystems).

LC conditions were as follows:

Column: 50*4 Nucleosil C18, 5 μm (Macherey-Nagel)+250×4.6 Prevail C18, 5 μm (Alltech), both at room temperature (RT) Eluent: A=0.1% (v/v) formic acid in ultrapure water

B=0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile (pa, Merck)

Flow: 1.2 ml/min, before entering the MS the flow was split 1:3 Gradient: The gradient was started at t=0 minutes with 90% (v/v) A and changed within 6 minutes to 50% (v/v) A. At 6.1 minutes the gradient was changed to the original condition. Injection volume: 2 μl MS conditions: Positive ion electrospray was used for ionization Detection: in SIM mode on m/z 176, with a dwell time of 100 msec.

HPLC-MS Analysis for the Determination of 6-ACA

Calibration:

The calibration was performed by an external calibration line of 6-ACA (m/z 132→m/z 114, Rt 7.5 min). All the LC-MS experiments were performed on an Agilent 1100, equipped with a quaternary pump, degasser, autosampler, column oven, and a single-quadrupole MS (Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany). The LC-MS conditions were:

-   Column: 50*4 Nucleosil (Mancherey-Nagel)+250×4.6 Prevail C18     (Alltech), both at room temperature (RT) -   Eluent: A=0.1 (v/v) formic acid in ultrapure water

B=Acetonitrile (pa, Merck)

-   Flow: 1.0 ml/min, before entering the MS the flow was split 1:3 -   Gradient: The gradient was started at t=0 minutes with 100% (v/v) A,     remaining for 15 minutes and changed within 15 minutes to 80% (v/v)     B (t=30 minutes). From 30 to 31 minutes the gradient was kept at     constant at 80% (v/v) B. -   Injection volume: 5 μl -   MS detection: ESI(+)-MS     -   The electrospray ionization (ESI) was run in the positive scan         mode with the following conditions; m/z 50-500, 50 V fragmentor,         0.1 m/z step size, 350° C. drying gas temperature, 10 L N₂/min         drying gas, 50 psig nebuliser pressure and 2.5 kV capillary         voltage.

Cloning of Target Genes

Design of Expression Constructs

attB sites were added to all genes upstream of the ribosomal binding site and start codon and downstream of the stop codon to facilitate cloning using the Gateway technology (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif., USA).

Gene Synthesis and Construction of Plasmids

Synthetic genes were obtained from DNA2.0 and codon optimised for expression in E. coli according to standard procedures of DNA2.0. The aminotransferase genes from Vibrio fluvialis JS17 [SEQ ID No. 1] and Bacillus weihenstephanensis KBAB4 [SEQ ID No. 4] encoding the amino acid sequences of the V. fluvialis JS17 ω-aminotransferase [SEQ ID No. 2] and the B. weihenstephanensis KBAB4 aminotransferase (ZP_01186960) [SEQ ID No. 5], respectively, were codon optimised and the resulting sequences [SEQ ID No. 3] and [SEQ ID No. 6] were obtained by DNA synthesis.

The decarboxylase genes from Escherichia coli [SEQ ID No. 30], Saccharomyces cerevisiae [SEQ ID No. 33], Zymomonas mobilis [SEQ ID No. 36], Lactococcus lactis [SEQ ID No. 39], [SEQ ID No. 42], and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [SEQ ID No. 45] encoding the amino acid sequences of the V. fluvialis JS17 w-aminotransferase [SEQ ID No. 3], the B. weihenstephanensis KBAB4 aminotransferase (ZP_01186960) [SEQ ID No. 6], the Escherichia coli diaminopimelate decarboxylase LysA [SEQ ID No. 31], the Saccharomyces cerevisiae pyruvate decarboxylase Pdc [SEQ ID No. 34], the Zymomonas mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase Pdcl472A [SEQ ID No. 37], the Lactococcus lactis branched chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase KdcA [SEQ ID No. 40] and alpha-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase KivD [SEQ ID No. 43], and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylase Kgd [SEQ ID No. 46], respectively, were also codon optimised and the resulting sequences [SEQ ID No. 32], [SEQ ID No. 35], [SEQ ID No. 38], [SEQ ID No. 41], [SEQ ID No. 44], and [SEQ ID No. 47] were obtained by DNA synthesis, respectively.

The gene constructs were cloned into pBAD/Myc-His-DEST expression vectors using the Gateway technology (Invitrogen) via the introduced attB sites and pDONR201 (Invitrogen) as entry vector as described in the manufacturer's protocols (www.invitrogen.com). This way the expression vectors pBAD-Vfl_AT and pBAD-Bwe_AT were obtained, respectively. The corresponding expression strains were obtained by transformation of chemically competent E. coli TOP10 (Invitrogen) with the respective pBAD-expression vectors.

Cloning by PCR

Various genes encoding a biocatalyst were amplified from genomic DNA by PCR using PCR Supermix High Fidelity (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's specifications, using primers as listed in the following table.

TABLE 2 gene enzyme primer Sequence Sequence Sequence origin of gene ID ID ID's Pseudomonas  7  8  9&10 aeruginosa Pseudomonas 26 27 60&61 aeruginosa Pseudomonas 66 67 72&73 aeruginosa Pseudomonas 68 69 74&75 aeruginosa Bacillus subtilis 14 15 48&49 Bacillus subtilis 16 17 50&51 Bacillus subtilis 64 65 70&71 Rhodobacter 18 19 52&53 sphaeroides Legionella 20 21 54&55 pneumophilia Nitrosomas europaea 22 23 56&57 Neisseria 24 25 58&59 gonorrhoeae Rhodopseudomonas 28 29 62&63 palustris

PCR reactions were analysed by agarose gel electrophoresis and PCR products of the correct size were eluted from the gel using the QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Purified PCR products were cloned into pBAD/Myc-His-DEST expression vectors using the Gateway technology (Invitrogen) via the introduced attB sites and pDONR-zeo (Invitrogen) as entry vector as described in the manufacturer's protocols. The sequence of genes cloned by PCR was verified by DNA sequencing. This way the expression vectors pBAD-Pae-_gi9946143_AT, pBAD-Bsu_gi16078032_AT, pBAD-Bsu_gi16080075 AT, pBAD-Bsu_gi16077991_AT, pBAD-Rsp_AT, pBAD-Lpn_AT, pBAD-Neu_AT, pBAD-Ngo_AT, pBAD-Pae_gi9951299_AT, pBAD-Pae_gi9951072_AT, pBAD-Pae_gi9951630_AT and pBAD-Rpa_AT were obtained. The corresponding expression strains were obtained by transformation of chemically competent E. coli TOP10 (Invitrogen) with the pBAD constructs.

Growth of E. coli for Protein Expression

Small scale growth was carried out in 96-deep-well plates with 940 μl media containing 0.02% (w/v) L-arabinose. Inoculation was performed by transferring cells from frozen stock cultures with a 96-well stamp (Kühner, Birsfelden, Switzerland). Plates were incubated on an orbital shaker (300 rpm, 5 cm amplitude) at 25° C. for 48 h. Typically an OD_(620 nm) of 2-4 was reached.

Preparation of Cell Lysates

Preparation of Lysis Buffer

The lysis buffer contained the following ingredients:

TABLE 3 1M MOPS pH 7.5 5 ml DNAse I grade II (Roche) 10 mg Lysozyme 200 mg MgSO₄.7H₂O 123.2 mg dithiothreitol (DTT) 154.2 mg H₂O (MilliQ) Balance to 100 ml

The solution was freshly prepared directly before use.

Preparation of Cell Free Extract by Lysis

Cells from small scales growth (see previous paragraph) were harvested by centrifugation and the supernatant was discarded. The cell pellets formed during centrifugation were frozen at −20° C. for at least 16 h and then thawed on ice. 500 μl of freshly prepared lysis buffer were added to each well and cells were resuspended by vigorously vortexing the plate for 2-5 min. To achieve lysis, the plate was incubated at room temperature for 30 min. To remove cell debris, the plate was centrifuged at 4° C. and 6000 g for 20 min. The supernatant was transferred to a fresh plate and kept on ice until further use.

Preparation of Cell Free Extract by Sonification

Cells from medium scales growth (see previous paragraph) were harvested by centrifugation and the supernatant was discarded. 1 ml of potassium phosphate buffer pH7 was added to 0.5 g of wet cell pellet and cells were resuspended by vigorously vortexing. To achieve lysis, the cells were sonicated for 20 min. To remove cell debris, the lysates were centrifuged at 4° C. and 6000 g for 20 min. The supernatant was transferred to a fresh tube and frozen at −20° C. until further use.

Preparation of 5-Formylpentanoic Acid by Chemical Hydrolysis of Methyl 5-Formylpentanoate

The substrate for the aminotransferase reaction i.e. 5-formylpentanoic acid was prepared by chemical hydrolysis of methyl 5-formylpentanoate as follows: a 10% (w/v) solution of methyl 5-formylpentanoate in water was set at pH 14.1 with NaOH. After 24 h of incubation at 20° C. the pH was set to 7.1 with HCl.

Enzymatic Reactions for Conversion of 5-Formylpentanoic Acid to 6-ACA

Unless specified otherwise, a reaction mixture was prepared comprising 10 mM 5-formylpentanoic acid, 20 mM racemic α-methylbenzylamine, and 200 μM□ pyridoxal 5′-phosphate in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. 100 μl of the reaction mixture were dispensed into each well of the well plates. To start the reaction, 20 μl of the cell free extracts were added, to each of the wells. Reaction mixtures were incubated on a shaker at 37° C. for 24 h. Furthermore, a chemical blank mixture (without cell free extract) and a biological blank (E. coli TOP10 with pBAD/Myc-His C) were incubated under the same conditions. Samples were analysed by HPLC-MS. The results are summarised in the following table.

TABLE 4 6-ACA formation from 5-FVA in the presence of aminotransferases 6-ACA concentration Biocatalyst [mg/kg] E. coli TOP10/pBAD-VfI_AT 43* E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Pae_AT 930 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Pae_AT 25* E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Bwe_AT 24* E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Bsu_gi16077991_AT 288 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Pae_gi9951072_AT 1087 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Pae_gi9951630_AT 92 E. coli TOP10 with pBAD/Myc-His C 0.6 (biological blank) None (chemical blank) n.d. n.d.: not detectable *method differed in that 10 μl cell free extract was used instead of 20 μl, the pyridoxal-5′-phosphate concentration was 50 μM instead of 200 μM and the reaction mixture volume in the wells was 190 μl instead of 100 μl.

It is shown that 6-ACA is formed from 5-FVA in the presence of an aminotransferase.

Enzymatic Reactions for Conversion of AKP to 5-Formylpentanoic Acid

A reaction mixture was prepared comprising 50 mM AKP, 5 mM magnesium chloride, 100 μM□ pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (for LysA) or 1 mM thiamine diphosphate (for all other enzymes) in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5. 4 ml of the reaction mixture were dispensed into a reaction vessel. To start the reaction, 1 ml of the cell free extracts obtained by sonification were added, to each of the wells. In case of the commercial oxaloacetate decarboxylase (Sigma-Aldrich product number 04878), 50 U were used. Reaction mixtures were incubated with a magnetic stirrer at 37° C. for 48 h. Furthermore, a chemical blank mixture (without cell free extract) and a biological blank (E. coli TOP10 with pBAD/Myc-His C) were incubated under the same conditions. Samples from different time points during the reaction were analysed by HPLC-MS. The results are summarised in the following table.

TABLE 5 5-FVA formation from AKP in the presence of decarboxylases 5-FVA concentration [mg/kg] Biocatalyst 3 h 18 h 48 h E. coli TOP10/pBAD-LysA  150  590  720 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Pdc 1600 1700 1300 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Pdcl472A 2000 2000 1600 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-KdcA 3300 2300 2200 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-KivD  820 1400 1500 Oxaloacetate decarboxylase n.d.   6  10 E. coli TOP10 with pBAD/Myc- n.d. n.d. n.d. His C (biological blank) None (chemical blank) n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.: not detectable

It is shown that 5-FVA is formed from AKP in the presence of a decarboxylase.

Enzymatic Reactions for Conversion of AKP to 6-ACA in Presence of Recombinant Decarboxylase

A reaction mixture was prepared comprising 50 mM AKP, 5 mM magnesium chloride, 100 μM□ pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (for LysA) or 1 mM thiamine diphosphate (for all other tested biocatalysts) in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5. 4 ml of the reaction mixture were dispensed into a reaction vessel. To start the reaction, 1 ml of the cell free extracts were added, to each of the wells. Reaction mixtures were incubated with a magnetic stirrer at 37° C. for 48 h. Furthermore, a chemical blank mixture (without cell free extract) and a biological blank (E. coli TOP10 with pBAD/Myc-His C) were incubated under the same conditions. Samples from different time points during the reaction were analysed by HPLC-MS. The results are summarised in the following table.

TABLE 6 6-ACA formation from AKP in the presence of decarboxylases 6-ACA concentration [mg/kg] Biocatalyst 3 h 18 h 48 h E. coli TOP10/pBAD-LysA n.a. 0.01 0 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Pdc 0.1 0.3 n.a. E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Pdcl472A 0.03 0.1 0.2 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-KdcA 0.04 0.1 0.3 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-KivD n.a. 0.3 0.6 E. coli TOP10 with pBAD/Myc- n.d. n.d. n.d. His C (biological blank) None (chemical blank) n.d. n.d. n.d. n.a. = not analysed n.d. = not detectable

It is shown that 6-ACA is formed from AKP in the presence of a decarboxylase. It is contemplated that the E. coli contained natural 5-FVA aminotransferase activity.

Enzymatic Reactions for Conversion of AKP to 6-ACA in Presence of Recombinant Decarboxylase and Recombinant Aminotransferase

A reaction mixture was prepared comprising 50 mM AKP, 5 mM magnesium chloride, 100 μM□ pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, 1 mM thiamine diphosphate and 50 mM racemic α-methylbenzylamine in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5. 1.6 ml of the reaction mixture were dispensed into a reaction vessel. To start the reaction, 0.2 ml of the decarboxylase containing cell free extract and 0.2 ml of the aminotransferase containing cell free extract were added, to each of the reaction vessels. Reaction mixtures were incubated with a magnetic stirrer at 37° C. for 48 h. Furthermore, a chemical blank mixture (without cell free extract) and a biological blank (E. coli TOP10 with pBAD/Myc-His C) were incubated under the same conditions. Samples from different time points during the reaction were analysed by HPLC-MS. The results are summarised in the following table.

TABLE 7 6-ACA formation from AKP in the presence of a recombinant decarboxylase and a recombinant aminotransferase 6-ACA concentration [mg/kg] after 48 hours E. coli TOP10/ AT E. coli TOP10/ E. coli TOP10/ pBAD-PAE_ DC pBAD-Vfl-AT pBAD-Bwe-AT gi9946143_AT E. coli TOP10/ 183.4 248.9 117.9 pBAD-Pdc E. coli TOP10/ 458.5 471.6 170.3 pBAD-Pdc1472A E. coli TOP10/ 497.8 497.8 275.1 pBAD-KdcA E. coli TOP10/ 510.9 510.9 314.4 pBAD-KivD AT = aminotransferase DC = decarboxylase

In the chemical blank and in the biological blank no 6-ACA was detectable.

Further, the results show that compared to the example wherein a host-cell with only recombinant decarboxylase (and no recombinant aminotransferase) the conversion to 6-ACA was improved.

Construction of Plasmids for Expression of Aminotransferases and Decarboxylases in S. cerevisiae

The aminotransferase gene from Vibrio fluvialis JS17 encoding the amino acid sequence of the V. fluvialis JS17 ω-aminotransferase [SEQ ID No. 2] was amplified by PCR from pBAD-Vfl_AT [SEQ ID No. 3] using Phusion DNA polymerase (Finnzymes) according to the manufacturers specifications and using specific primers [SEQ ID No. 76 & 77].

The aminotransferase gene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa [SEQ ID No. 7] coding for P. aeruginosa aminotransferase [SEQ ID No. 8] was amplified from pBAD-Pae_AT by PCR using Phusion DNA polymerase (Finnzymes) according to the manufacturers specifications and using specific primers [SEQ ID No. 78 & 79].

The resulting PCR products were cloned into vector pAKP-41 using SpeI and BamHI restriction enzymes resulting in vectors pAKP-79 and pAKP-80 respectively, which now contain the aminotransferase gene under the S. cerevisiae gal10 promoter and the S. cerevisiae adh2 terminator.

The decarboxylase gene from Saccharamyces cerevisiae [SEQ ID No. 33] coding for Saccharamyces cerevisiae pyruvate decarboxylase Pdc [SEQ ID No. 34] was amplified from pBAD-Pdc by PCR using Phusion DNA polymerase (Finnzymes) according to the manufacturers specifications and using specific primers [SEQ ID No 80 & 81].

The decarboxylase gene from Lactococcus lactis [SEQ ID No. 39] coding for Lactococcus lactis branched chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase KdcA [SEQ ID No. 40] was amplified from pBAD-KdcA by PCR using Phusion DNA polymerase (Finnzymes) according to the manufacturers specifications and using specific primers [SEQ ID No 82 & 83].

The resulting PCR products were cloned into vector pAKP-44 using AscI and BamHI restriction enzymes resulting in vectors pAKP-81 and pAKP-82 respectively, which now contain the decarboxylase gene under the S. cerevisiae gal2 promoter and the S. cerevisiae pma1 terminator.

Plasmids pAKP-79 and pAKP-80 were restriction enzyme digested with SacI and XbaI and plasmids pAKP-81 and pAKP-82 were restriction enzyme digested with SalI and XbaI. A SacI/XbaI aminotransferase fragment was combined with a SalI/XbaI decarboxylase fragment into the S. cerevisiae low copy episomal vector pRS414, which was restriction enzyme digested with SalI and SacI.

The resulting plasmids were obtained:

pAKP-85: Pgal10-Pae_AT-Tadh2 Pgal2-Pdc_DC-Tpma1 pAKP-86: Pgal10-Pae_AT-Tadh2 Pgal2-KdcA_DC-Tpma1 pAKP-87: Pgal10-Vfl_AT-Tadh2 Pgal2-Pdc_DC-Tpma1 pAKP-88: Pgal10-Vfl_AT-Tadh2 Pgal2-KdcA_DC-Tpma1

Transformation and Growth of S. cerevisiae

S. cerevisiae strain CEN. PK113-3C was transformed with 1 μg of plasmid DNA according to the method as described by Gietz and Woods (Gietz, R. D. and Woods, R. A. (2002). Transformation of yeast by the Liac/SS carrier DNA/PEG method. Methods in Enzymology 350: 87-96). Cells were plated on agar plates with 1× Yeast Nitrogen Base without amino acids and 2% glucose.

The resulting strains were grown aerobically at 30° C. for 48 hour in Verduyn minimal medium containing 0.05% glucose and 4% galactose.

Preparation of Cell Free Extract

1 ml of potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7) was added to 0.5 g of the cell pellet. This mixture was added to a 2 ml eppendorf tube which contained 0.5 g of glassbeads with a diameter of 0.4-0.5 mM. Samples were vigorously shaken with an eppendorf shaker (IKA VIBRAX-VXR) for 20 s. The resulting cell free extract was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 14000 rpm and 4° C. The supernatant was used for enzyme activity assays.

Enzymatic Reactions for Conversion of AKP to 6-ACA in Presence of Decarboxylase and Aminotransferase Co-Expressed in S. cerevisiae

A reaction mixture was prepared comprising 50 mM AKP, 5 mM magnesium chloride, 100 μM□ pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, 1 mM thiamine diphosphate and 50 mM racemic α-methylbenzylamine in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5. 1.6 ml of the reaction mixture were dispensed into a reaction vessel. To start the reaction, 0.4 ml of the cell free extract from S. cerevisiae containing decarboxylase and aminotransferase were added, to each of the reaction vessels. Reaction mixtures were incubated with a magnetic stirrer at 37° C. Furthermore, a chemical blank mixture (without cell free extract) and a biological blank (S. cerevisiae) were incubated under the same conditions. Samples, taken after 19 hours of incubation, were analysed by HPLC-MS. The results are summarised in the following table.

TABLE 8 6-ACA formation from AKP using a micro-organism as a biocatalyst 6-ACA concentration Biocatalyst [mg/kg] S. cerevisiae pAKP-85 63 S. cerevisiae pAKP-86 226 S. cerevisiae pAKP-87 1072 S. cerevisiae pAKP-88 4783 S. cerevisiae 3.9 (biological blank) None (chemical blank) 1.3

Enzymatic Reactions for Conversion of Alpha-Ketopimelic Acid to Alpha-Aminopimelic Acid

A reaction mixture was prepared comprising 10 mM alpha-ketopimelic acid, 20 mM L-alanine, and 50 μM□ pyridoxal 5′-phosphate in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. 800 μl of the reaction mixture were dispensed into each well of the well plates. To start the reaction, 200 μl of the cell lysates were added, to each of the wells. Reaction mixtures were incubated on a shaker at 37° C. for 24 h. Furthermore, a chemical blank mixture (without cell free extract) and a biological blank (E. coli TOP10 with pBAD/Myc-His C) were incubated under the same conditions. Samples were analysed by HPLC-MS. The results are summarised in the following table.

TABLE 9 AAP formation from AKP in the presence of aminotransferases AAP concentration [mg/kg] Biocatalyst (after 24 hrs) E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Vfl_AT 3.7 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Psy_AT 15.8 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Bsu_ 11.2 gi16078032_AT E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Rsp_AT 9.8 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Bsu_ 4.6 gi16080075_AT E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Lpn_AT 5.4 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Neu_AT 7.7 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Ngo_AT 5.1 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Pae_gi9951299_AT 5.6 E. coli TOP10/pBAD-Rpa_AT 5.4 E. coli TOP10 with pBAD/Myc-His 1.4 C (biological blank) None (chemical blank) 0

It is shown that the formation of AAP from AKP is catalysed by the biocatalyst.

Chemical Conversion of AAP to Caprolactam

To a suspension of 1.5 grams of D,L-2-aminopimelic acid in 21 ml cyclohexanone, 0.5 ml of cyclohexenone was added. The mixture was heated on an oil bath for 20 h at reflux (approximately 160° C.). After cooling to room temperature the reaction mixture was decanted and the clear solution was evaporated under reduced pressure. The remaining 2 grams of brownish oil were analyzed by ¹H-NMR and HPLC and contained 0.8 wt % caprolactam and 6 wt % of cyclic oligomers of caprolactam. 

1. (canceled)
 2. Method for preparing 6-aminocaproic acid, wherein the 6-aminocaproic acid is prepared from 5-formylpentanoate, using a recombinant host cell comprising at least one biocatalyst, wherein the biocatalyst is an enzyme capable of catalysing a transamination and/or a reductive amination selected from the group of aminotransferases (E.C. 2.6.1) and amino acid dehydrogenases (E.C.1.4.1). 3-4. (canceled)
 5. Method according to claim 2, wherein the aminotransferase or amino acid dehydrogenase is selected from the group of β-aminoisobutyrate:α-ketoglutarate aminotransferases, β-alanine aminotransferases, aspartate aminotransferases, 4-amino-butyrate aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.19), L-lysine 6-aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.36), 2-aminoadipate aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.39), 5-aminovalerate aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.48), 2-aminohexanoate aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.67), lysine:pyruvate 6-aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.71), and lysine-6-dehydrogenases (EC 1.4.1.18).
 6. Method according to claim 5, wherein the enzyme is selected from the group of enzymes capable of catalysing a transamination and/or a reductive amination from an organism selected from the group of Vibrio; Pseudomonas; Bacillus; Mercurialis; Asplenium; Ceratonia; mammals; Neurospora; Escherichia; Thermus; Saccharomyces; Brevibacterium; Corynebacterium; Proteus; Agrobacterium; Geobacillus; Acinetobacter; Ralstonia; Salmonella; Rhodobacter and Staphylococcus, in particular from an organism selected from the group of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus weihenstephanensis, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, Nitrosomonas europaea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pseudomonas syringae, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Vibrio fluvialis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
 7. Method according to claim 6, wherein an aminotransferase is used comprising an amino acid sequence according to Sequence ID 2, Sequence ID 5, Sequence ID 8, Sequence ID 12, Sequence ID 15, Sequence ID 17, Sequence ID 19, Sequence ID 21, Sequence ID 23, Sequence ID 25, Sequence ID 27, Sequence ID 29, Sequence ID 65, Sequence ID 67, Sequence ID 69 or a homologue of any of these sequences. 8-15. (canceled)
 16. Method for preparing caprolactam, comprising cyclising the 6-aminocaproic acid prepared by the method of claim 2 in the presence of superheated steam, thereby forming caprolactam.
 17. A recombinant host cell comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with 5-formylpentanoate aminotransferase activity.
 18. A recombinant host cell according to claim 17, comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme with 5-formylpentanoate aminotransferase comprising an amino acid sequence according to Sequence ID 2, Sequence ID 5, Sequence ID 8, Sequence ID 65 Sequence ID 67, Sequence ID 69 or a homologue thereof. 19-22. (canceled)
 23. A recombinant host cell according to claim 18, wherein the host cell is selected from the group of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia, Candida, Hansenula, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Escherichia.
 24. A micro-organism according to claim 23 comprising DNA containing a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group of sequences represented by any sequence selected from the group of Sequence ID 1, Sequence ID 3, Sequence ID 4, Sequence ID 6, Sequence ID 7, Sequence ID 64, Sequence ID 66, Sequence ID 68 and functional analogues thereof.
 25. (canceled) 